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Research, white papers, reports, and presentations on data centers, energy, and modern infrastructure from around the world.

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White PaperASHRAE2021

Emergence and Expansion of Liquid Cooling in Mainstream Data Centers

An ASHRAE technical white paper on the factors accelerating the transition of data centers from predominantly air-based to liquid cooling. The document links rising CPU, GPU, FPGA, and memory power levels to the limitations of air-based systems in terms of airflow, temperature, noise, rack density, and personnel safety. It examines ASHRAE water classes, direct liquid cooling and immersion cooling, and the implications for PUE, TCO, power delivery, heat reuse, and deployment in enterprise, HPC, and colocation data centers.

Liquid coolingDirect Liquid CoolingImmersion coolingData center cooling
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Government ReportInternational Energy Agency (IEA)

Key Questions on Energy and AI

A special World Energy Outlook report by the International Energy Agency examining the relationship between AI development and energy. It analyses growth in data-centre electricity consumption and capital expenditure, the physical constraints on scaling AI infrastructure, power-supply options, and implications for energy systems, prices and emissions. It also considers AI’s impact on energy and industrial efficiency, as well as demand scenarios through 2030.

AI data centersData center power supplyGrid interconnectionLiquid cooling
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